Hindu Diaspora in Immigrants - 1151 Words

One of the many challenges that immigrants face when moving to a new country is to keep their identity intact while trying to fit into a new society. One aspect of this is the religious identity of the individuals, which is sometimes modified to better adapt to the culture, laws and views of the new place. Freedom of practice is often restricted to what the laws or the public sees as correct and it affects the integrity of the practices which might greatly influence the faith of the practitioner. Canada can be taken as an example since it welcomes many immigrants every year and each and one of them has to go through the process of adaptation. According to the 2011 census made by the government of Canada, there is a population of 297,200†¦show more content†¦In order to provide the worshipper with the ability to carry out their daily devotions, family gurus have simplified the devotional practices along with replacing chanting of sacred text due to new generations changes in knowledge of language and content of the texts due to Canadian influences (Botting and Coward). The younger generations now represent vulnerability for the traditions since they might not be able to see the importance of the devotional life style of Hinduism’s rituals since they are being modified and less commonly practiced compared to as the practices in India or the country of origin. An example of such practices that might lose strength for practitioners, are the death rituals. In order to fit in with Canadian standards, modifications to the havan, which is performed by the eldest son to the fire God Agni, have been made along with the cremation process itself, losing significant symbolic and theological meaning (Skakum, Lindsey. 2008). Also, practices such as arranged marriages have decreased in Canada due to not being socially accepted around non-Hindu practitioners. Education of younger generations is no longer made by the grandparents, since in most of the cases they are not residing in Canada. This represents a threat to the retainment of the traditional practices and it allows young ones to become more influenced by the norms and rules of Canadian culture, along withShow MoreRelatedThe Indian Diaspora By Vijay Mishra1120 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"All diasporas are unhappy, but every diaspora is unhappy in its own† (1), Vijay Mishra in his scholarly work The Literature of the Indian Diaspora, the first line of the â€Å"Introduction† chapter (echoes Anna Karenina â€Å"Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.†) poignantly marks the predicament of diasporic subject, occupying â€Å"a border zone† (1) along with their problematic association in dealing with historic specificity of time and place. He begins theorizing diasporaRead MoreDesh and Videsh: Be/Longingness in Bharati Mukherjees Jasmine1375 Words   |  6 Pagesin Bharati Mukherjee’s Jasmine Diaspora is the movement of indigenous people or a population of a common people to a place other than the homeland. It can be voluntary or forced and usually the movement is to a place far from the original home. World history is replete with the instances about mass dispersion such as the expulsion of Jews from Europe, the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade, the century long exile of the Messenia’s under Spartan rule. The term Diaspora carries with it a sense of displacementRead MoreHistory and Experience of the Sikh Diaspora in the United States3245 Words   |  13 PagesHistory and Experience of the Sikh Diaspora in the United States Sikh migrants began arriving in the United States more than one hundred years ago, and now have reached numbers close to half a million. Like most other immigrant communities in the United States, Sikhs have faced problems that are both specific to their community and that are also shared by other ethnic communities making their way in a new land. Despite their recent numbers and century long history in the United States, manyRead MoreChitra Banerjee Divakarunis Arranged Marriage Essay2112 Words   |  9 Pagesare often problems with the enforceability of these laws, but the rhetoric is certainly there. In America, on the other hand, most politicians turn a blind eye to the issue, reminding women to be grateful of the rights that they have been given. (Hindu, Magazine 3) The title of Divakaruni’s book is the result of an aggressive marketing strategy. It is an attempt to carve a market segment in the western societies. Divakaruni looks back at India and its culture from the colonizer’s point of viewRead MoreAlternate Homes And Beyond : Issues And Perspectives2980 Words   |  12 PagesPERSPECTIVES IN CHITRA BANERJEE DIVAKARUNI’S SISTER OF MY HEART INTRODUCTION Diaspora is the deracination of society from one earthly region to another earthly region. It deals with the issues and problems of homelessness and integrity crisis. The term ‘’Diaspora† was mainly used for exile of JEWS from their homeland. The Diaspora gained values in peopel;s mind with the result of globalization. In our literature diaspora has no of meanings which actually express the pain and sufferings of expatriateRead MoreAfrican Diaspora and National Belonging Essay2060 Words   |  9 PagesThe Pan Africanism movement covers the African diaspora subject across the globe, most recently in the Asian continent. The following communities discussed in this paper are from India and the Persian Gulf area. In the Land of Israel, immigrants of Ethiopian began settling in the state since the 1970’s. Black Jews practice Judaism and Ethiopians migrated to Israel primarily for religious reasons. With roots going back to biblical times, Ethiopians Jews were surprise to find other groups of peopleRead MoreAn Area Of Darkness Character Analysis1000 Words   |  4 Pageswith knew from it, into a land of myth... I had learned my separateness from India, and was content to be a colonial without a past, without ancestors† (252). This intellectual honesty has helped propel Naipaul to be one of the pioneers of Indian Diaspora. His aesthetic created through a marvellous mastery over language adds new and abiding dimensions to the West Indian novel. A key feature of his fictional world is his skilful delineation of the Indian immigrant’s dilemma alongside the plights, predicamentsRead MoreIndias Social Structure Of India2087 Words   |  9 Pagesteachings of Hinduism. The Caste System plays an integral role in the daily lives of Indians as it’s roots do not lie within only theological roots, but is a social structure that separates it’s followers into specific socio-economic groupings. The Hindu Caste System has been declared illegal in the nation of India, the tradition of living within one’s caste continues to hold its ties in India’s social-economic culture and those among the lower castes continue to live in poverty. In order to reverseRead MoreAsdf Ghjkl Kkkkk2739 Words à ‚  |  11 Pagestechnology was introduced to India in 1896 by representatives of France’s Lumià ¨re brothers. First full-length Indian movie, a silent film called Raja Harischandra, was a resounding success and prompted directors to make a series of films based on Hindu mythological characters. The 1920s saw the introduction of the Hollywood-style studio system into Indian cinema. This was a period of sound growth, where 27 films were produced. The increased profitability of cinema allowed filmmakers to reinvest theirRead Morecritical analysis of chitra banerjees The Palace of Illusions2180 Words   |  9 PagesIndian’- overlooked the stark contrast between the amorality of the Hindu epics and impeccably liberal viewpoint of the past modern†¦. While to celebrate Indian writing as merely ‘over blown, fantastic, lush and non-linear’ was surely to endorse the old colonialist chestnut that rational thought and discrimination were alien to Indian tradi tion(Page 75). Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is one of the major novelists of Indian diaspora who was born in Calcutta in 1956 in India. Chitra Banerjee’s position

The Hero With A Thousand Faces - 1284 Words

Analysis of Beowulf In his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, first published in 1949, esteemed American mythologist Joseph Campbell outlines the fundamental structure every archetypal hero follows during his or her journey in the world of mythologies. Campbell coined the term â€Å"monomyth to describe the stories that follow this structure. The monomythic cycle, commonly referred to as The Hero s Journey, is divided into three primary sections known as the Departure, Fulfillment, and Return. These sections posses a total of twelve elements that the hero will encounter through his story arc. This basic structure is common amongst many mythologies, but has particular pertinence when discussing the story arc of the Medieval novel†¦show more content†¦By the time Beowulf s character is introduced, the audience is already aware that the story is set in Medieval Europe with the primary setting being Denmark. Beowulf The second element present in the departure is the Call to Adventure. Here, the hero receives a message from an external event or messenger that beckons them to embark upon a journey or mission. In his far-off home Beowulf, Higlac s follower and the strongest of the Geats- greater and stronger than anyone anywhere in this world- heard how Grendel filled nights with horror and quickly commanded a boat fitted out, proclaiming that he d go to that famous king, would go across the sea to Hrothgar, now when help was needed. The third element present in the departure is the Refusal of the Call In traditional form, the hero will experience a moment of reluctance and attempt to refuse or avoid the force calling him away from his homeland onto the course of adventure. However, despite what the name suggests, the hero does not have to deny the call but can instead choose to immediately accept the call and begin his quest. What is important is that the hero has the opportunity to refuse should that be his choice. The fifth element present in the departure is termed Crossing the Threshold. During this partShow MoreRelatedThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1540 Words   |  7 PagesCampbell â€Å"The Hero With A Thousand Faces† and The Movie â€Å"Alien† A hero is â€Å"a man (or occasionally a woman) of superhuman strength, courage, or ability, favored by the gods.† Based on this quote, found on â€Å"The Oxford English Dictionary Online,† one can assume that the hero would be a man based on the terms that are used. People often associate a man as being the almighty power in a situation. They are referred to as the hero. One does not often find a movie about superheroes with the hero being a womanRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces796 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1949, Joseph Campbell published his book â€Å"The Hero with a Thousand Faces.† It details his theory of the â€Å"monomyth,† a theory that illustrates how many heroic mythological stories have similar outlines and archetypes. During his discussion of the second chapter of the monomyth, Campbell says that the monomyth can â€Å"serve as a general pattern for men and women† in their everyday lives (121). In many circumstances, comparisons can be made between normal situations throughout life and the monomythRead MoreHero With A Thousand Faces1555 Words   |  7 PagesAnyone can be a hero, no matter where they come from, they could be your neighbor or be in the next town over, in another state or even in another country. Luis Gonzalez, born and raised in a small farm in Jalisco Mexico was eighteen years old when his own personal hero journey began. A â€Å"Heroes Journey† is a seventeen stage itinerary divided into three segments listed in order; Departure, Initiation and Return. These stages consist of what the hero in the story will do in their journey accordingRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1524 Words   |  7 PagesRevised Draft A hero is â€Å"a man (or occasionally a woman) of superhuman strength, courage, or ability, favored by the gods.† Based on this quote, found on â€Å"The Oxford English Dictionary Online,† one can assume that the hero would be a man based on the terms that are used. People often associate a man as being the almighty power in a situation. They are referred to as the hero. One does not often find a movie about superheroes with the hero being a woman. Gender should not define who is the betterRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces1328 Words   |  6 PagesCooper Clarke English 4 – Period 2 Mr. McQueary 8/22/14 The Hero with a Thousand Faces Prologue – The Monomyth Myth and Dream Myths are universal and transcendent through time; many ancient myths are seen recreated in modern times. The author uses Oedipus as a way of comparing myth to psychology. Dreams have also played a major role in civilization; the people who could interpret dreams can understand and create myths. â€Å"Dream is the personalized myth† (19). Tragedy and Comedy People have alwaysRead MoreThe Hero With A Thousand Faces2252 Words   |  10 Pagestheory of the monomyth, all the myths that have withstood the test of time for thousands of years are based on a similar foundation. This foundation is explored in his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces where he describes the theory in this quote â€Å"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on hisRead MoreThe Hero with One Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell1447 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung innocent character who embarks on a journey and becomes a hero, known as The Hero’s Journey; a series of steps that all heroes follow. This journey not only shows the main character becoming a hero but also shows the hero move along a path similar to that of adolescence, the path between childhood and maturity. The Hero’s Journey was created by a man by the name of Joseph Campbell. He wrote a book called The Hero with One Thousand Faces, a novel containing a variety of stories that follow the stepsRead MoreThe Cultural Values And The Archetypal Patterns Of The Novel Hero With A Thousand Faces 1331 Words   |  6 Pageson a pedestal, unlike their deception during the Late Middle Ages after the advent of chivalry and courtly love. On that note, Sir Gawain and Beowulf both reflect the cultural values and the archetypal patterns found in Joseph Campbell’s Hero with a Thousand Faces which are expressed throughout their communities. Even though some of the values such as valor and loyalty carried over from one time period to another, the two cultures experienced a paradigm shift from the way fighting was conducted allRead MoreTo What Extent Did the Book Hero with a Thousand Faces Influence the Sci-Fi Fantasy Film Genre, Specifically George Lucas’s Star Wars Trilogy?4143 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction A hero goes forth from his familiar life into a world of the supernatural; difficulties are encountered which the hero conquers; and he returns home to celebrate with his friends. You may think you know what sci-fi/fantasy movie I’m talking about. But what I was actually describing is the book Hero With a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell. Because when it comes down to it, almost all sci-fi and fantasy movies follow the same basic pattern, the â€Å"Monomyth† described in Campbell’s bookRead MoreThe Hobbit, Or There And Back Again Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesor final battle followed by their return. Amongst the greatest and most authoritative pieces of literature written in the 20th century is Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Both the ideals and concepts within The Hero with a Thousand Faces are being used, and have been used, in the art of storytelling for thousands of years. The specific concepts Joseph Campbell lays out within the text is a dissection of the many common themes which the vast majority of stories, the heroic tale

River Runs Through It Study Questions free essay sample

Paul and Norman are similar yet different at the same time. For instance Paul and Norman are both dare devils yet Paul seems to be the instigator. For example when they were on the river everyone else was chickening out Paul never backed down and ended getting his brother to go with him. Paul hardly hesitates when it comes to risks unlike Norman who seems to think it over a bit more before accepting and going through with it. They both also enjoy fly fishing. Paul is creative and does not like sticking to tradition instead he makes his own form on how to fly fish. Norman follows his father’s form and the â€Å"proper† way to fly fish. 2. A. Paul Maclean’s life is similar to the Greek mythology Icarus and the story of the Prodigal Son. To start Paul life somewhat relates to the story of Icarus because Icarus tried to escape by flying out of Crete even though everyone told him not to because if he got too close to the sun he would crash, which eventually occurred and he fell to his death. We will write a custom essay sample on River Runs Through It Study Questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paul did somewhat the same thing but instead of flying his was gambling and drinking. Paul had a gambling problem as well as a drinking problem and kept going to the part of town notorious for gambling. Even when he was head over heels in debt he continued to try and get in, worst of all when he played he was usually drunk or had alcohol in his system which they say u should never gamble if you have had too much to drink because it can escalate into a big problem. Even though his family attempted to stop him many times he refused and later he went back and it is believed he was beat to death. Paul’s life is also similar to the story of the Prodigal Son because the Prodigal son leaves his family to go to different places and wastes his money in his wild living. Paul did the same by going and gambling off all his money. At the end the prodigal son came back to his father and his father accepted him back. Unlike the Prodigal Son Paul does not come back to his father but ends up dying because of his problem with gambling. All three of the stories essentially portraying not to get caught with the fun in life because if one does they will die or have a huge downfall from power. The environment the boys grew up affects them in different ways. Growing up the boys were taught how to properly fly fish and how one must respect the art behind fly fishing before one can catch a fish. Fly fishing is very important to them because it is an escape from reality. The river is one place where they can all be family and something they all love. Paul loves the river and fly fishing because it gets him away from the world and helps him see the simple things in life. for Norman it is the one thing he that reminds him of Montana and his family. The environment of growing up under a priest helped Norman get a better education but for Paul it made him seek more of a defiant man. They grew up in a tough era, shown by how both the boys love fighting and boxing. 4. Prohibition lasted from the early 1920s till 1933 where basically everyone drank in private. Prohibition represents a rebellious era. Paul and Norman are both rebellious as well. Paul shows his rebel side through gambling and drinking while Norman shows his rebellious side by writing and going after Jessie Burns. They both also rebel by sneaking out in the middle of the night to go hang out with friends and go down the river. 5. Racism has an impact on the film mainly through racism towards the Indians. The Racism is most known when Paul goes to the speak easy in town and the man at the door hesitates to let Paul in because he is bringing an Indian lady with him. After they enter everyone stares at her as if she was a criminal, the waitress goes as far as to bypass her when getting the orders of drinks. I believe this racism has an effect on Paul as well by seeing how horrible the Indians are treated he drinks it all away. Norman does not always completely understand Paul and why he does what he does but regardless he still loves his brother. When he says â€Å"we can love completely without complete understanding† he is saying that even though his brother and he think differently he will still love him. Norman does not understand why his brother keeps going back to gamble even though he is not allowed in the facility anymore. Even though Norman does not support his brothers gambling he understands and lets he is. At the end they will always be brothers and that love will always be there regardless if one does something wrong.

Gertrudis love Essay Example For Students

Gertrudis love Essay The ambiguity of chocolate is very similar to the complex character of Gertrudis. Gertrudis is the only daughter who is able to be emancipated from her tyrannical mother: she has the courage; she is pushed by some extraordinary power to leave and make her own life. Chocolate is known as a sweet treat nowadays, when in Mexico it was used as raw cacao beans and was very strong if not cooked and prepared carefully. The chocolate represents her very strong character as revolutionary leader; her leadership her desire to be considered not less then a man on the battlefield, how she had triumphed in life. She was a general in the revolutionary army.(163). She has the power to make decisions for her own troops, like no other woman in the family; she has broken the traditions just as the chocolate can make a person change in a glimpse of a second due to its hardness and tenderness at the same time. The chocolate can also represent the very energetic character she has. She is always intrigued by task that involves rhythm, movement or music(11), which also has its inconvenient, leaving Gertrudis flittering from one task to the other, rarely concentrating on difficult or uninteresting duties. Sugar represents the love that Gertrudis has in her. She was a love child, created within a passionate relationship she has this insight on true love and describes, Titas and Pedros love as being one of the truest she knows, she believes that nothing should come between them. Sugar is often said to appease the temperament of very strong individuals but also revive the less animated, Gertrudis has that ability to reanimate her sister Tita when she most needs it. Rose extract, represents the passion that animates Gertrudis love. The extraordinary passion that Gertrudis feels is nothing less then the desire that Tita and Pedro have for each other. She has the aptitude to sense and understand true love; she lives and endures the physical emotions they have for each other which lead to her disappearances of the ranch, and her discovery of a mans love. The fact that she will then work in a brothel gives us an insight into the amplitude of the desire she has for life, as no man could have satisfied her. She has a need to free herself from Mama Elena, her traditional rules that always kept her away from what she really was, a passionate and physical character. The grounded chili powder is then, the obvious but very well hidden secret of her origins, a very sudden but intriguing hint of spiciness. Having mulatto(125) blood gives Gertrudis an enormous advantage on many levels. Not only has her sense of rhythm given it away, but her ability to command her troops with passion and care.  Chocolate fondue is a mixture of texture and taste, very comforting at first and suddenly commanding, melted and hard. The sugary and spicy combination, create the ability to discover a rainbow of sensation and taste that is individual to all human being. The passion that is then added to the dish, though it can throw people off at first, procures a rush of adrenaline, then a more settle but very strong feeling of love and desire invades the body and the mind. The passion fruit represents the contrast that exists within Trevinos love and passion for Gertrudis. This fruit not only by its name, but also by its texture and taste reminds us of an unfulfilled love. The very sweet taste of the fruit a metaphor for the love at first sight- a striking feeling that invades your mouth is the same feeling that stroke Trevino when he first meet Gertrudis. But also the crunchiness of the seeds within the fruit core: leaving an attractive need to experience this ambiguous combination again. .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 , .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .postImageUrl , .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 , .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17:hover , .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17:visited , .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17:active { border:0!important; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17:active , .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17 .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u65e62939e7058457856a61eecae91d17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Titanic's silence EssayLike Trevinos character towards Gertrudis, he still is a recognized womanizer(175) tempting every woman by its well-mannered behavior, but dedicating his love to one woman only, his true love. On the other hand this particular fruit also has a very sour touch when left in the mouth too long. The sourness of an impossible relationship, due to a society made of cast and traditions. A generala(173) cannot be with one of her soldier, even if Trevino knows this, he engaged himself in a personal battle to conquer the heart of his loved one, a person he has to fear, obey and respect according to the society. The manliness of the mango reinforces the power Trevino demonstrates when he is ask to obey Gertrudis. Trevino demonstrates his skill, and proves to her that he could take care of any difficult task even for him it was no easy task(175), fulfilling it and at the same time restoring his familial honor. This means a lot to the eyes of Gertrudis, who then understands what man he really is. Through this achievement, he is able to gradually gain a very profound respect from her, becoming her guardian. The peppery taste of the mango then significantly underlines the difficulty Trevino encounters when Gertrudis is reunited with Juan: her true and only love. The only choice he has, after losing all hopes, is to reassign his feelings to protect and serve her on the battlefield. He then becomes on of her finest soldier and trusts him with her life. And the fact that she chooses him for the preparation of her favorite dish shows that she trusts him with her soul. But lost love always comes with a cascade of repress emotions that is very well materialized by the banana. Under a hard and protective skin, a very soft and tender core is found where all emotions are hidden away. Trevino is very emotional(176), and always takes Gertrudis reprimanding very personal, as a rejection- dismissal of his love for her. To compensate this rejection Trevino as no other tool then to loosen his sadness into drinking.  The combination of those three fruits, very well determined the emotions that Trevino has for Gertrudis a mixture of sweet and sour feelings.

Women in Media Today free essay sample

A look at the portrayal of women in the media today compared to the time when Susan J. Douglas book on the topic, Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female With the Mass Media, was written. An essay discussing how the portrayal of women has changed in one segment of the media (music, TV, film, advertising) from the early 1990s when the book Where the Girls Are: Growing Up Female With the Mass Media by Susan J. Douglas was completed. Discussed are the commonalities between women currently important to American pop culture and the women examined in the book, the differences or changes that have occurred, whether conditions have improved for women, and whether there has been a continued backlash against feminism in American popular culture over the last decade. Murphy Brown was a powerful intelligent female character who had great clothes, however, she did not look like a waif and her clothes were not skimpy. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Media Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Roseanne was an over-weight working wife and mother who dealt with family problems that had never before been portrayed on a television sitcom. And Ellen came out of the closet on one episode to tell the world that she was a lesbian (Timson 1995). This would certainly have not been witnessed on a sitcom television program twenty years ago.

The Assyrians and Their Histor essays

The Assyrians and Their Histor essays In the plentiful land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, known as Mesopotamia, now modern day Iraq there ruled a powerful civilization like no other in the area. This land had rolling hills and abundant rainfall, making it a very habitable place to live. With such crops as barley and sesame they were able to live a rich life in the area. Animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle also provided a rich life. The name of this great empire was the Assyrians, which struck fear in the hearts of their enemies. This great empire ruled from about 2000 BC to about 612 BC. During this time period the Assyrians went through three separate periods. First there was the Old Assyrian Period which lasted from 2000 BC to about 1363 BC. During this period they invaded Mesopotamia which resulted in the foundation of a number of Assyrian dynasties. This period also consisted of two separate components: independent city-state of Asshur and a group of trading colonies. It was also during this time that Assyria first became independent, this was a time of uncertainty in the Near East political development (Glubok 26). The next period was the Middle Assyrian Period, which lasted from 1363 BC to about 1000 BC. The military might of the empire was transformed at the end of this period. With new innovations like horse drawn chariots, iron smelting and improvement of weapons. The Neo-Assyrian Period lasted from about 1000 BC until about 612 BC. This time in Assyrian history brought about success in battles, the most significant of which being the fall of the Babylonians (Cortell 103). During this time they created the worlds first large empire. The Assyrian period was one of the greatest turning points in the history of Mesopotamia (Nardo 13). During this time in the history of the world many changes were occurring. Before the civilizations in Mesopotamia, there were no civilizations just small tribes and groups. This rich land allowed la...

In may 2010 the people of britain elected a new government, which was Essay

In may 2010 the people of britain elected a new government, which was a historic moment in British politics. Explain what has ch - Essay Example After one year of power people have now begun to weigh the change in terms of their aspirations and ambitions materialized. Though it might be considered a little early to evaluate the change, nonetheless the change is yet not as evident as masses desired it to be. Specially, the change in student fee structure has disappointed a large majority of public. The raise was fully backed by the Conservatives and partially by the Liberal Democrat MPs. The main idea is to give universities more financial liberty to face the challenges of the technological advancements and other changes at global level and thereby improve the quality of education. As the Prime Minister David Cameron has said in an interview, â€Å"We won't go back. Look, even if we wanted to, we shouldn't go back to the idea that university is free.† (Guardian, 2010) Thought the intend is good behind the change in fee structure but it is not gradual as most of the critics have pointed out. The maximum allowable annual fee is now ?9,000 which is too much for many poor students. The universities have shown there intend to increase the fees to a maximum allowable limit which can adversely affect the education system. The liberty provided by the government to these universities is said to be more than the needful.

Mera.Net Cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mera.Net Cafe - Essay Example The large initial capital investment will allow Mera.Net to provide its customers with a full featured Internet cafe. A unique, upscale, and innovative environment is required to provide the customers with an atmosphere that will spawn socialization. Mera.Net, soon to be located near at Sacred Heart College on 10th of March, will offer the community easy and affordable access to the Internet. Mera.Net will provide full access to email, WWW, FTP, Usenet and other Internet applications. Mera.Net will appeal to individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The instructional Internet classes, and the helpful staff that MeraNet provides, will appeal to the audience that does not associate themselves with the computer age. This educational aspect will attract younger and elderly members of the community who are rapidly gaining interest in the unique resources that online communications have to offer. Mera.Net's customers can be divided into two groups. The first group is familiar with the Internet and desires a progressive and inviting atmosphere where they can get out of their offices or bedrooms. The second group is not familiar with the Internet, yet, and is just waiting for the right opportunity to enter the online community. Mera.Net's target market falls anywhere between the ages of 18 and 50. This extremely wide range of ages is due to the fact that the Internet appeal to a variety of people. In addition to these two broad categories, Mera.Net's target market can be divided into more specific market segments. The majority of these individuals are students and business people.Potential Customers University Students Office Workers Seniors Teenagers IV. Required Capital 4.1 Start-up Summary Mera.Net's start-up costs of P200,000 that will cover for site renovation and modification and the communications equipment necessary to get its customers online. The communications equipment necessary to provide Mera.Net's customers with a high-speed connection to the Internet and the services it has to offer make up a large portion of the start-up costs. These costs will include the computer terminals and all costs associated with their set-up. Costs will also be designated for the purchase of two laser printers and a scanner. V. Equipments and Facilities List of Startup Equipments and facilities. Cost at least P200,000 of capital. 10 computer set P150 000 1 aircon

When I change my major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

When I change my major - Essay Example Since my childhood, I have always dreamt of becoming a successful businessman in my country if not the entire world. I had grown passion for reading business-related articles to expand my knowledge in the filed I considered would significantly shape my future. Consequently, I decided to major in business management during at the beginning of my sophomore year. However, the situation in my country contributed a great deal to the dwindling interest in pursuing business course any further. â€Å"Hey, what do you think about pursuing an engineering course?† It was after this statement from a close family friend, rung a bell in my mind that eventually made me to change my major to engineering. In my country, bio medical engineering graduates have a lot of job opportunities and make handsome cash. Also, they have the opportunity to help the community by preferring to work in hospitals. It has been my dream to engage in activities that give back to the society and I reflected on changing my major to the field of bio medical engineering as a great opportunity to achieve this dream. Now, I cannot be happier knowing that I will soon graduate as a bio medical professional and get numerous job offers in my country and also that it will enable me to help people in

Practical Completion and Defects Liability Period

Practical Completion and Defects Liability Period It would be inaccurate for a person, a reader to say they dont feel different inside when they touch a psychical book page in comparison to when they touch an e-reader screen. The feel of a book, its cover, its essence and the text somewhere on the first few pages that says First edition is enough to make any avid reader smile ear to ear. In 2060 though, one would be smart to do away with that smile if youre in public as it could be dangerous and matters do tend to escalate quickly. Salutaris is for those people the ones who love all things about reading physical books, but have to hide it from the rest of society for fear of being harassed physically or mentally. Its for the people who have to live a lie. Objectives of the Project Possible consequences of living a lie of this magnitude for an extended period of time include developing paranoia, thinking your secret may be found out at any time. This may hinder social development and a person may grow socially and emotionally inverted. In severe cases, this can escalate to much worse scenarios. Salutaris seeks to Give these people, the literary folk who have to hide their books and knowledge, a sense of belonging. Give them the freedom to indulge in the books around them without fear of being abused for it. Be a sanctuary. 1.3 Client The client for this project plays the role of the Interior Designer as well- Miss. Zuhdeeya Ghouse 1.4 Client objectives To bring together a group of readers in an unwelcoming future by uniting them using their common interest, in this case physical books, the feel of the pages, the essence of it and the experience. 1.5 Funding of the project Considering the project type, its funding will be in the form of a loan or grant from a financial institution. With the services provided by Salutaris daily, these costs will be paid off efficiently. 1.6 Appointment of designer and other consultants The clients Interior Design firm, Feng. was hired for this project. This being the firms first large scale project, the client hopes to cement their feet in the design industry with this endeavour. This appointment was formalized with an appointment letter from her to the firm. (Refer annexure blah) This project also asks for a number of consultants to deal with different issues such as the old wiring or the building, the structural soundness of the building after years of weather damage, etc. Considering some of the buildings that make up the British Council are over a hundred years old, and the others are a minimum of 70 years, a structural engineer will be needed to assess the buildings and deem them fit to be built on. Quantity Surveyors are required for preparing BOQs, tender evaluation etc. ME engineers as well for lighting, plumbing and HVAC. Also needed is a landscape designer to tend to the once lovely gardens of the old British Council in Colombo. An IT consultant is to be hired as well for the computer systems that are to be installed within Salutaris. A Project Manager is also required for overseeing of the construction with the contractor. 1.7 Scope of Consultancy services Fees The afore mentioned consultants except the project manager, were recommended by the designer and agreed on by the client thus forming a consortium in which all consultants answer to the designer, except for the project manager who is to be hired via the client. The designer receives 10% of the construction fee. The other consultants will be paid as follows (Refer next page please.) Consultant Percentage (%) of fee Mechanical and Electrical Engineer 1% of ME costs (ME costs come up to approx. 30% of construction cost) Structural Engineer 2.5% of total construction cost Quantity Surveyor 1.5% of total construction cost Project Manager 0.7% of total construction cost (Paid directly by client) IT consultant 0.1% of total construction cost Landscape designer 0.5% of total construction cost Table 1. Chapter TWO Brief 2.1 Clients Brief The design should include a spacious library, a restoration room for older documents and a viewing room for them. Budget rooms for writers or any member of the library who may need help because of their reading habits. Small hall area for poetry and book readings/launches. It has to look inconspicuous to the passer by. A good security system there will be no groups of angry people endangering the safety of Salutaris members. Allowance for landscaping. Natural surroundings are needed for relaxation and thought. 2.2 Investigations Context Study The site is surrounded by both residential and commercial buildings. The entrance of Salutaris is situated at the end of a road that branches from Duplication Road one of the busier roads in Colombo with retail shops and restaurants around the area. The back of the building, opens to a residential area and thus security will have to be located at the back to prevent mindless mobs getting onto the premises. 2.3 Site The former British Council in Colombo, currently owned by The British High Commission. 49, Alfred House Gardens, Colombo 3 One of the main features of The British Council that makes it ideal for the project is that it is much smaller than it looks from the outside. When one looks at the British Council from Duplication road, it looks like a small building, but you can only measure its scale when you walk on the grounds of the site itself. The British Council is made up of the original building that was build in 1932, and has had newer buildings put up around it. 2.4 Site Pictures 2.4.1 Buildings of significance around the area Fashion retail store Fashion Bug Restaurants Divine Foods, Cricket Club, Queens cafe Businesses and stores Dialog Telecom office, Raux Brothers, Triumph Head Office Residential structures Queens Court, The Byzantium 2.5 Demography As mentioned in the Project Proposal for Salutaris, after doing surveys and other relevant research, it was concluded that the end user demography for this project will be 12 30 year olds and older folk (aged 55 and above), due to the fact that smaller children may not get permission from their parents to be there and those aged 30 55 may not be able to make time for Salutaris as they need to attend to their families. The main similarity between these people is of course, their passion for reading, and that too of physical material. 2.6 Rules and Regulations During the construction of Salutaris, certain rules and regulations are to be followed, namely: The Fire Safety Regulations by the Fire dept. (Refer annexure blah) The Requirements for Disabled Accessibility by the Ministry of Social Services. [Refer annexure blah] The standards for libraries as in Neufert, Architects Data (Third Edition) (Refer annexure blah) Chapter THREE Pre-contract Stage 3.1 Designers Brief After meeting the client and surveying the site, an accommodation schedule was settled on as follows: A building housing the library of Salutaris. A restoration wing that will house a viewing room for old documents 5 accommodation units with attached bathrooms A reception area Washrooms x 20 Accounts office + printing/photocopying facilities etc. A Multipurpose hall for small events Cafeteria and small kitchen Storage area Staff rooms x 3 Guard room x 2 (Front and back entrance) 3.2 Costing Variety of the Project It was estimated by the quantity surveyor that the project budget would be approximately 48 million LKR and that an approximate price per sqft of this roughly 8000sqft site is 5500-6000 LKR. Costs for the project will be from labour costs, materials and the logistics of getting them onsite. It will also come from overhead expenses and indirect costs. 3.3 Recommendation of Type of Contract There are the types of contracts to consider: The Lump sum contract, in which a fixed sum of money is received for the work done. The Measure-and-Pay contract, in which certain amounts of money are received for each stage of the work. The amounts paid are in line with the percentage of work done on the project. The Time and Material contract. In this arrangement, the client, designer and contractor must agree on an hourly or daily fee. This contract is usually chosen when there are uncertainties about issues like materials availability etc. From the three types of contracts talked about above (lump sum, measure and pay, and time material), considering the scale of the project, the designers preferred contract would be the measure and pay contract. This contract allows for variances and a certain degree of flexibility within the design process for the duration of the project. 3.4 Schematic Design Stage Design Development The designer proceeds to prepare schematic design proposals to give the client and consultants an approximation of the project size and in what direction the project is to go in. If after this has been proposed to the client and she wishes to make any changes, it will be applied in the Detail stage. The design detail stage involves the designer then preparing detail design proposals that will include the changes wanted by the client from the schematic design proposals. (Refer annexure blah) 3.5 Statutory Approval (Local Authority/City Zoning) Authoritative approval is needed for the extension of existing buildings and the building of new ones on site. There will be no new buildings built however, as the client doesnt allow it. As the accommodation schedule features a cafeteria and kitchen, a Food Drink license is required. 3.6 Work Programme So that the client is kept up to date with the work progress, a work program was drawn up. (Refer annexure blah) Chapter FOUR Contract Documentation 4.1 Detail Design Stage A package of architectural and engineering drawings was prepared by the designer in collaboration with the relevant afore mentioned consultants. The package includes numerous plans, sections, elevations, relevant schedules and tear sheets, lighting plans, plumbing/sewage plans, design details, colours and materials. This was cross checked at several stages with the quantity surveyor who confirmed the final package as within the project budget of XXX LKR A bill of Quantities was then prepared with the required consultants and was approved of by the Quantity Surveyor who, with all issues in mind proceeded to draw up the tender document. 4.2 Tender Document The tender document comprised of the following Instruction to Tenderers Form of Tender and Appendix Form of Agreement and Conditions of Contract Specimen form of Performance Bond Specimen form of Advance Payment Guarantee Specification Pricing Preambles Bill of Quantities Schedule of Direct Contractors Schedule of named subcontractors List of drawings 4.2.1 Invitation to Tender An invitation to tender was published in The Daily News and The Sunday Observer on the 5th of April and 7th of April 2060 respectively. The tenderers were given a deadline of the 20th of May 2060. Included in the invitation were instructions to the tenderers and basic information about the project at hand. (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.2 Instructions to Tenderers This is general information to tenderers, including what exactly they should submit, by when they should submit it and how they should give it in. (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.2.1 Confidentiality Agreement Due to the social delicacy of this project, it was decided that any potential tenderer and all consultants should sign a Confidentiality agreement if he/she wants to be considered for the post as if word got out, there will be disturbances during construction in the form of protests etc. (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.3 Conditions of the Contract This includes the detailed terms and conditions for applying for the contract. (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.4 Form of Tender (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.5 Form of Agreement (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.6 General Specifications The general specifications go according to the following documents issued by the ICTAD (Institute for Construction Training And Development) SCA/3/1 Irrigation Land Drainage SCA/3/2 Water supply Sewerage storm water drainage SCA/4/1 II Building works Vol. I II SCA/8 Electrical Mechanical works (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.7 Form of Performance Bank Guarantee Before a contractor can be awarded the contract, he/she has to get a bank guarantee that satisfies the employer of all losses and damages that occur as a result of the contractor not working according to the contract. With this the contractor also confirms he/she has an all risk insurance in case of onsite accidents etc (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.7.1 Specimen Form of Bank Guarantee for Mobilization Advance Payment This is an additional guarantee from the bank, stating that they (the bank) guarantee the advance payment as specified by the employer. (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.8 Appendix to Form of Tender (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.9 Pricing Preambles (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.10 Tender Drawing List (Refer annexure blah) 4.2.11 B.O.Q This document invoices the materials, parts, labour and other costs of the project in question. This BOQ will also contain detailed terms and conditions the construction of the project and any repairs that may need to be made. Such a document exists for the contractor to put a price on the work for which theyre bidding. (Refer annexure blah) Chapter FIVE Tender Procedure 5.1 Invitation for Bids (Refer Page 9, Chapter 4.2.1 Invitation to Tender) 5.2 Pre Tender Meetings A meeting was held before the deadline for tenders to clear any doubts and to answer any questions that the tenderers had regarding the project. Present at this meeting were the designer and relevant consultants, along with the tenderers. 5.3 Tender Period The tender period for this project is from the date of the first invitation (5th April 2060) to the 20th of May 2060. 5.4 Receipt Tender Opening As mentioned above, the deadline for receiving tenders was the 20th of May 2060 and the tenders received by the end of that day were opened on the 23rd of the month in the presence of the designer, quantity surveyor and project manager. The results were as follows (Refer the next page please) T1 xxx million T2 xxx million T3 xxx million T4 xxx million T5 xxx million Where T is Tenderer. (All amounts in LKR) 5.5 Tender Evaluation After much consideration, it was decided that tenderer T3 and T4 were unsuitable for their extreme over estimation of the project costs. Tenderer T2 did not meet the requirements of the invitation to tender and was thus not considered. Tenderer T1s estimation was within range but numerous flaws were discovered in the documents received and they were out of the running. This left tenderer T5 whose estimation was higher than the estimated project cost, but their work was solid and on recalling the contractors past projects, it was found he was most suitable for this project. 5.6 Negotiation Meetings were then held with the contractor, client, project manager, quantity surveyor and designer present to negotiate the bid proposal initially received and thereafter the contractor submitted a revised bid proposal for the project. 5.7 Acceptance of Tender A letter of award was presently sent to tenderer T5 after negotiations took place. (Refer annexure blah) Chapter SIX Contract Administration 6.1 Award of Contract An award of contract letter was prepared for the client to send to tenderer T5 (from now own known as the contractor). This letter states among other things, that the mobilization advance has to be paid by the contractor within the said period after receiving the letter. It states the period of completion for the project and asks for certain documents to be submitted immediately, such as the: Advance guarantee acceptable to the client Workers compensation policy as per current labour regulations Programme of work in a format acceptable to the designer. (Refer annexure blah) 6.2 Bonds and Guarantees These are a form of security in the project for the client and designer from the contractor should anything go wrong. A performance bond is needed to guarantee the satisfactory completion of the project by the contractor. This comes in the form of a surety bond by a bank working with the contractor. The surety bond ensures payment is received by the client from the contractor should anything go against contract specifications on the contractors part. (Refer annexure blah) A contractors all risk policy covers damages to any relevant property during construction of the project and injuries and damage to third party property during construction. (Refer annexure blah) A retention bond is required and states that the contractor will have received his/hers full payment only when the project is signed off as having no off putting issues at the end of construction. (Refer annexure blah) 6.3 Signing of Contract On the 15th of June 2060, the signing of the contract between client and contractor took place after both parties agreed on the numerous terms and conditions mentioned in said contract. Copies of previously mentioned documents are also shared between the two parties. 6.4 Project Planning and Management The contractor will hand in a work programme (Refer annexure blah) that will cover the work thatll be done from the start of the project construction to the end of it. This will be reviewed and either be agreed on by the designer or will have significant changes made to it till both parties are content with the work programme. The project manager will receive regular updates from the contractor on what is happening onsite till the end of construction. 6.5 Handing of Site The award of contract letter should state that the site is to be handed over to the contractor and it is done so, along with the occupational health and safety requirements (Refer annexure blah) to ensure a safe and well oiled construction site. 6.6 Advance Payment At the stage of beginning construction, 80% of the project fees should have been paid to the designer who will in turn give to each consultant a certain percentage of the fee, while keeping a percentage of the contractors fee in accordance with the retention bond. 6.7 Commencement of Work Once the work programme submitted by the contractor is approved by the designer, project manager and other involved consultants, the contractor is given the go to start construction. 6.8 Site Organization This covers numerous topics such as the condition in which the land is given from the client to the contractor; the site should have some sort of temporary lodging for the builders if they are expected to stay onsite. They have to have access to running water and electricity to use their tools etc and for basic hygiene, among other things. Site organization is also considered for the duration of the project in different ways to those mentioned above. These include scheduled or recorded site visits by the project manager or designer and also consist of all related parties being informed on the works progress regularly. 6.9 Monitoring Progress and Site Inspections This will take place in the form of weekly or bi weekly meetings held between the designer, project manager, client and relevant parties in which everyone is briefed on work progress and it is made sure that everything is going according to the contract, health and safety regulations etc. 6.10 Site Visits and Instructions to Site As mentioned in chapter 6.8 (Site Organization), there will be a record of site visits made by the project manager, necessary engineers and the designer. This record will be in the form of a log book, also containing any instructions from the designer or engineers regarding the project that they may have stated when they visited the site at a particular time. 6.11 Quality Control During the mentioned site visits, inspections of quality will occur, making sure that the construction site is working in accordance to the contract and ICTAD specifications etc. 6.12 Variations and Extra Work As with any project, there are bound to be some variation from the original brief that was signed off on. These variations have to be documented in a physical form and should always be known by the client and designer. Such variations can occur: Due to unavailability of a certain material, leading the designer to have to substitute it for another. New structural requirements that were not initially identified. Changes in quantities and measurements resulting from errors in the drawing plan stages, New changes in government regulations that now disallow certain acts in construction to happen. 6.13 Interim Bills and Payments During this time, any expenses that the client needs to pay for will documented by the main contractor. 6.14 Delays and Extensions of Time With the project being in Sri Lanka, there are bound to be delays in work due to multiple factors, foreseen and unforeseen: The numerous holidays and festivals in Sri Lanka such as The Sinhala and Tamil New year, Vesak, Diwali, Ramadan, Poya days etc. Monsoon season. The project is in the middle of urban Colombo thus landslides are unlikely, and flooding is not known to be a problem in the area. Natural disasters Logistical delays Chapter SEVEN Completion 7.1 Practical Completion and Defects Liability Period After construction was completed a certificate of practical completion was issued by the designer, as was a final defect list, and a copy of that was handed over to the contractor to rectify within the first six months of the end of construction. (Refer annexure blah) 7.2 Certificate of Conformity At the end of those six months, there will be an inspection of the building and if it is found that all defects have been rectified, a Certificate of Conformity (Refer annexure blah) is issued. At this point the rest of the contractors fee is paid and he receives a Final Payment Certificate (Refer annexure blah) and with that, his contract is terminated. 7.3 Feedback Thereafter the project manager informs the relevant parties of the final completion of the project and if needed, meets with the parties for feedback. Chapter EIGHT Conclusion Salutaris is a haven to the literary geeks of this age that are shunned by society or would be shunned, if anyone knew their secret. There are the lucky few that do get away with reading, but they are the exception to the rule. Social trends can be counted on to blow over but as for how long it will take for this trend to do so, a trend that has been building up for decades, is an uncertainty; and that is one of the biggest reasons Salutaris will prosper. This feasibility report showcases the entire process of getting this project off the ground, from the appointment of the designer and consultants to the end of construction.

Abuse of Power in Julius Caesar :: Julius Caesar Essays

Abuse of Power in Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was written in 1599 in England by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare has born in 1564 and died in 1616. Nobody really knows when exactly he was born but for the records it is assumed that he was born in April, creating an interesting coincidence with his death. He is the greatest writer of his century and probably of the modern era. He influenced many contemporary writers and created a new point of view in the poetry. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets. In his work Julius Caesar Shakespeare shows us the change of power in Rome and the problems that Rome had there. Power is the ability to act with force. Shakespeare makes visible the abuse of power and the struggle to gain power in the biggest empire at the time. Shakespeare also shows that the power itself is more than a name or position. It is something that the people exercise. There is not absolute power, every power has limitations. Besides the servants every character in some way has his power. Although th e biggest argument in Julius Caesar is the change of power in the rulers of Rome, Shakespeare tries to show us many different kinds of power and the use of it. As we can see during the play, people with power use power just for their convenience. During the first part of the play, Shakespeare introduces the characters and the situations. He makes us notice how powerful everyone is. Throughout the different meetings and the dialogues we can feel the power of the personalities of some characters, which in the nearly future is going to make a difference. The rulers of Rome have so much power that they can control the freedom of the people as we can see when Caesar gave an order to Antony. "I shall remember. When Caesar says do this, it is performed" (1.2.12-13). Although this abuse of power made the conspirators act against him, Caesar did not have absolute power and in some situations Calpurnia, his wife, had control in him "The cause is in my will. I will not come. / That is enough to satisfy the senate.

Physical Science

2. The first thing I had to change was the first shelf where the red ball rolls down. Then I had to hang up the 5lbs. then switch the sides of the brown lever at the bottom. After I had to put the elastic of the slingshot with the little ball. The last thing was hang the bucket up. Part 2 The first to do is push the first domino. It causes the rest of the dominoes to fall and push the first pink ball. The pink ball will roll down the ramp. As the ball is rolling, it will hit and push another pink ball. The second pink ball will roll down into a small skinny tube. When it falls, it will push up the other side of the lever. When it goes up, it will make the string loose and make the scissor cut the string. When it cuts the string, the weight will fall and break. When it breaks the water inside of it will go through the tube, pouring inside the bucket. The bucket will get heavy and pull down the string, which the end is tied to the lid of a cookie jar opening the cookie jar. Analysis questions:In the device, it shows a closed system because all of the items stay in the area. The items were the 2 balls, the bucket with water and the dominoes. 2. To change a thermos into an open energy system is by opening the lid. 3. Energy is never created or destroyed; it is just passed on to other different types of energies, like potential to kinetic or potential to mechanical energy. 4. One place is where the dominoes fall and push the first ball. The second is when the bucket full of water pulls down the string to open the lid of the cookie jar.

The Pilgrimage of Grace - Protesting Henry VIII

The Pilgrimage of Grace - Protesting Henry VIII The Pilgrimage of Grace was an uprising, or rather several uprisings, that took place in the north of England between 1536 and 1537. The people rose against what they saw as the heretical and tyrannical rule of Henry VIII and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell. Tens of thousands of people in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire were involved in the uprising, making the Pilgrimage one of the most unsettling crises of Henrys most unsettled reign. Key Takeaways: The Pilgrimage of Grace The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–1537) was an uprising of tens of thousands of people, clergy and conservatives, against King Henry VIII.  They sought the reduction of taxes, the re-establishment of the Catholic church and the pope as the religious leader in England, and the replacement of Henrys main advisors.  None of their demands were met, and over 200 of the rebels were executed.  Scholars believe the rebellion failed for lack of leadership and conflicts between the demands of the poor versus those of the gentry. The insurgents crossed class lines, uniting commoners, gentlemen, and lords together for a few brief moments to protest social, economic, and political changes they observed. They believed the issues resulted from Henrys naming himself the Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England. Historians today recognize the Pilgrimage as growing out of the end of feudalism and the birth of the modern era. Religious, Political, and Economic Climate in England How the country came to such a dangerous place started with King Henrys romantic entanglements and search to secure an heir. After 24 years of being a jovial, married and Catholic king, Henry divorced his first wife Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn in January of 1533, shocking Catherines supporters. Worse, he also officially divorced himself from the Catholic church in Rome and made himself head of a new church in England. In March of 1536, he began to dissolve the monasteries, forcing the religious clergy to give over their lands, buildings and religious objects. On May 19, 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed, and on May 30th, Henry married his third wife Jane Seymour. The English parliament- deftly manipulated by Cromwell- had met on June 8th to declare his daughters Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, settling the crown on Janes heirs. If Jane had no heirs, Henry could pick his own heir. Henry did have an acknowledged illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy,1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536), from his mistress, Elizabeth Blount, but he died on July 23rd, and it became clear to Henry that if he wanted a blood heir, he would have to acknowledge Mary or face the fact that one of Henrys great rivals, the King of Scotland James V, was going to be his heir. But in May of 1536, Henry was married, and legitimately- Catherine died in January of that year- and if he had acknowledged Mary, beheaded the hated Cromwell, burnt the heretic bishops that allied themselves with Cromwell, and reconciled himself with Pope Paul III, then the pope would have most likely recognized Jane Seymour as his wife and her children as legitimate heirs. That is essentially what the insurgents wanted. The truth was, even if hed been willing to do all that, Henry couldnt afford it. Henrys Fiscal Issues Jervaulx Abbey was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, founded in 1156. It was dissolved in 1537, and its last abbot was hanged for his part in the Pilgrimage of Grace. Dennis Barnes / Photographers Choice / Getty Images Plus The reasons for Henrys lack of funds were not strictly his famed extravagance. The discovery of new trade routes and the recent influx of silver and gold from the Americas into England severely depreciated the value of the kings stores: he desperately needed to find a way to increase revenue. The potential worth raised by the dissolution of the monasteries would be a huge influx of cash. The estimated total revenue of the religious houses in England was UK  £130,000 per year- between 64 billion and 34 trillion pounds in todays currency. The Sticking Points The reason the uprisings involved as many people as it did is also the reason they failed: the people were not united in their desires for change. There were several different sets of written and verbal issues that the commoners, gentlemen, and lords had with the King and the way he and Cromwell were handling the country- but each segment of the rebels felt more strongly about one or two but not all of the issues. No taxes during peacetime. Feudal expectations were that the king would pay his own expenses unless the country was at war. A peacetime tax had been in place from the mid-twelfth century, known as the 15th and the 10th. In 1334, the amount of the payments was fixed at a flat rate and paid by the wards to the king- the wards collected 1/10th (10%) of the moveable goods of the people living in the urban areas and paid it to the king, and the rural wards collected 1/15 (6.67%) of those of their residents. In 1535, Henry steeply raised those payments, requiring individuals to pay based on periodic assessments of not just their goods but also their rents, profits, and wages. There were also rumors of taxes to come on sheep and cattle; and of a luxury tax for people making less than 20 pounds per year on such things as white bread, cheese, butter, capons, hens, chickens.The repeal of the Statute of Uses. This unpopular statute was of vital importance to wealthy landowners who held estates owned by Henry, but less so to the common folk. Traditionally, the landholders could use the feudal dues to support their younger children or other dependents. This statute abolished all such uses so that only the oldest son could derive any income from an estate owned by the King The Catholic church should be reestablished. Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn was only one problem the people had with Henrys changes; the replacement of Pope Paul III as a religious leader to a king who was perceived as a sensualist was inconceivable to the conservative parts of England, who truly believed the switch could only be temporary, now that Anne and Catherine were both dead.The heretic bishops should be deprived and punished. The basic tenet of the Catholic church in Rome was that the supremacy of the king was primary unless to follow his will was heresy, in which case they were morally obligated to work against him. Any clergy who refused to sign an oath siding with Henry was executed, and once the surviving clergy had recognized Henry as the Head of the Church of England (and were, therefore, heretics) they could not go back.No more abbeys should be suppressed. Henry began his changes by taking down the lesser monasteries, describing a laundry list of evils being perpetrated by the monks and abbots, and decreeing that there should be no more than one monastery within five miles of another. There were nearly 900 religious houses in England in the late 1530s, and one adult man in fifty was in religious orders. Some of the abbeys were great landowners, and some of the abbey buildings were hundreds of years old, and often the only permanent building in the rural communities. Their dissolution was a dramatically visible loss to the countryside, as well as an economic loss. Cromwell, Riche, Legh, and Layton should be replaced by noblemen.  People blamed Henrys advisor Thomas Cromwell and other of Henrys councilors for most of their ills. Cromwell had come to power promising to make Henry the richest king that ever was in England and the population felt that he was to blame what they saw as Henrys corruption. Cromwell was ambitious and smart, but of the lower middle classes, a clothier, solicitor, and moneylender who was convinced that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government.The rebels should be pardoned for their insurrection. None of these had a reasonable chance of success. The First Uprising: Lincolnshire, October 1–18th, 1536 Although there were minor uprisings before and after, the first major assembly of dissident people took place in Lincolnshire  beginning around the first of October, 1536. By Sunday the 8th, there were 40,000 men gathered in Lincoln. The leaders sent a petition to the King outlining their demands, who responded by sending the Duke of Suffolk to the gathering. Henry rejected all of their issues but said if they were willing to go home and submit to the punishment that he would choose, he would eventually pardon them. The commoners went home. The uprising failed on a number of fronts- they had no noble leader to intercede for them, and their object was a mix of religion, agrarian, and political issues without a single aim. They were patently afraid of civil war, probably as much as the King was. Most of all, there were another 40,000 rebels in Yorkshire, who were waiting to see what the Kings response would be before moving forward.   The Second Uprising, Yorkshire, October 6, 1536–January 1537 The second uprising was far more successful, but still ultimately failed. Led by the gentleman Robert Aske, the collective forces took first Hull, then York, the second largest city in England at the time. But, like the Lincolnshire uprising, the 40,000 commoners, gentlemen and nobles did not advance to London but instead wrote to the King their requests. This the King also rejected out of hand–but the messengers bearing the outright rejection were stopped before they reached York. Cromwell saw this disturbance as better organized than the Lincolnshire uprising, and thus more of a danger. Simply rejecting the issues might result in an outbreak of violence. Henrys and Cromwells revised strategy involved delaying the rabble at York for a month or more. A Carefully Orchestrated Delay While Aske and his associates waited for Henrys response, they reached out to the Archbishop and other clergy members, those who had sworn allegiance to the king, for their opinion on the demands. Very few responded; and when forced to read it, the Archbishop himself refused to assist, objecting to the return of papal supremacy. It is very likely that the Archbishop had a better understanding of the political situation than Aske. Henry and Cromwell designed a strategy to divide the gentlemen from their commoner followers. He sent out temporizing letters to the leadership, then in December invited Aske and the other leaders to come to see him. Aske, flattered and relieved, came to London and met with the king, who asked him to write up the history of the uprising- Askes narrative (published word-for-word in Bateson 1890) is one the main sources for the historical work by Hope Dodds and Dodds (1915). Aske and the other leaders were sent home, but the prolonged visit of the gentlemen with Henry was cause for dissension among the commoners who came to believe they had been betrayed by Henrys forces, and by mid-January 1537, most of the military force had left York. Norfolks Charge Next, Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk to take steps to end the conflict. Henry declared a state of martial law and told Norfolk he should go to Yorkshire and the other counties and administer a new oath of allegiance to the King- anyone who did not sign was to be executed. Norfolk was to identify and arrest the ringleaders, he was to turn out the monks, nuns, and canons who still occupied the suppressed abbeys, and he was to turn over the lands to the farmers. The nobles and gentlemen involved in the uprising were told to expect and welcome Norfolk. Once the ringleaders were identified, they were sent to the Tower of London to await trial and execution. Aske was arrested on April 7th, 1537 and committed to the Tower, where he was repeatedly questioned. Found guilty, he was hung at York on July 12th. The rest of the ringleaders were executed according to their station in life- noblemen were beheaded, noble women were burned at the stake. Gentlemen were either sent home to be hung or hung in London and their heads placed on stakes on London Bridge. End of the Pilgrimage of Grace In all, about 216 people were executed, although not all the records of the executions were kept. In 1538–1540, groups of royal commissions toured the country and demanded that the remaining monks surrender their lands and goods. Some didnt (Glastonbury, Reading, Colchester)–and they were all executed. By 1540, all but seven of the monasteries were gone. By 1547, two-thirds of the monastic lands had been alienated, and their buildings and lands either sold at market to the classes of people who could afford them or distributed to local patriots. As to why the Pilgrimage of Grace failed so abysmally, researchers Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds argue that there were four main reasons. The leaders were under the impression that Henry was a weak, good-natured sensualist who was led astray by Cromwell: they were wrong, or at least wrong in understanding the strength and persistence of Cromwells influence. Cromwell was executed by Henry in 1540.  There were no leaders among the rebels with unconquerable energy or willpower. Aske was the most passionate: but if he could not convince the king to accept their demands, the only alternative was to have Henry overthrown, something they could not conceivably succeed in doing on their ownThe conflict between the interests of the gentlemen (higher rents and lower wages) and those of the commoners (lower rents and higher wages) could not be reconciled, and the commoners who made up the numbers of the forces were distrustful of the gentlemen who led them.  The only possible uniting power would have been the church, either the Pope or the English clergy. Neither supported the uprising in any real sense. Sources There have been several recent books on the Pilgrimage of Grace over the past few years, but writers and researching sisters Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds wrote an exhaustive work explaining the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1915 and it is still the main source of information for those new works. Bateson, Mary. The Pilgrimage of Grace. The English Historical Review 5.18 (1890): 330–45. Print.Bernard, G. W. The Dissolution of the Monasteries. History 96.4 (324) (2011): 390–409. Print.Bush, M. L. Enhancements and Importunate Charges: An Analysis of the Tax Complaints of October 1536. Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 22.3 (1990): 403–19. Print.-. Up for the Commonweal: The Significance of Tax Grievances in the English Rebellions of 1536. The English Historical Review 106.419 (1991): 299-318. Print.Hope Dodds, Madeleine, and Ruth Dodds. The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536–1537 and the Exeter Conspiracy, 1538. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915. Print.Hoyle, R. W., and A. J. L. Winchester. A Lost Source for the Rising of 1536 in North-West England. The English Historical Review 118.475 (2003): 120–29. Print.Liedl, Janice. The Penitent Pilgrim: William Calverley and the Pilgrimage of Grace. The Sixteenth Century Journa l 25.3 (1994): 585–94. Print. Schofield, Roger. Taxation Under the Early Tudors, 1485–1547. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Example

Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Example Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal People over the Past Century Essay Rights and Freedoms of Aboriginal people over the past Century The rights and freedoms of Aboriginal Australians have changed tremendously over the past decade. The treatment given to the indigenous population of Australia has been an aggravating issue, ever since the white settlement in Australia. As a matter of protection, the Australian governments have implemented, rules, and policies such as, ‘the policy of protection’, assimilation, integration, paternalism, and self-determination, gradually taking away, and disempowering the Aboriginals, and their rights, and freedoms. Paternalism greatly affected individual Aboriginals. During the years of 1901 to 1914, many states and governments maintained similar attitudes and perspectives of the indigenous Australians. Predominantly, this perspective/attitude was based on the belief , that the Aboriginal population, were savages, uncivilised, and were regarded as much inferior or hold less mental capacity to determine what is best for them. This lead to paternalism. Paternalism is the meaning for ‘Fatherly’. This attitude led governments to take control over the Aboriginals, who are depicted to be unable to act for themselves. This act forced aboriginal people out of their traditional lands, the white Australians considered the need for agriculture land is much important for them rather than the Aboriginals. By extracting the Aboriginals from their lands and placing them on reserves, and providing them with adequate supplies of food, and other supplies, was thought as humane. The policy of Assimilation changed the freedom and rights of individual Aboriginal Australian. This policy fostered aboriginal people to change their, way of life, and adapt to the culture of white people the individual aboriginals were expected to absorb and adapt to the white culture. This policy was depicted to be ‘good’ for the indigenous population. The policy of Assimilation was difficult to enforce, as aboriginal people retaliated, and fought for the rights, and for the preservation of their culture and identity. This lead to the ‘Stolen-generation’ which involved the forceful removal of aboriginal children from their lands, and family. The children were then dispatched into institutions, or were adopted by white families. As a result the policy of Assimilation continued. The policy of protection was linked to the act of paternalism, which had two intentions that is to preserve and protect the aboriginals, and to educate the existing population, on western culture. From the intention of protecting the indigenous population, the aboriginals faced racism, discrimination, and the deterioration of their way of life. For example under the policy aboriginals could be moved onto reserves at any time, they required permission from the government to marry a white person, they could not vote. During the past century, Aboriginal people were forced to accept protectionism. Practicing and following their culture and way of life was strictly prohibited, therefore this policy had a great negative impact upon the aboriginals. For many decades, The Aboriginal organisations have made amendments for the removal of discriminatory references to aboriginal people individuals in Australia. The federal council for the aboriginals launched a campaign for a referendum. These campaigns were established in all states of Australia. In 1967 (45years ago) a referendum was held. During the referendum, one of the two questions asked was whether the derogatory statements and references to aboriginal people should be removed. The referendum has regularly been seen as providing full citizenship to aboriginals. The referendum and the constitutional changes were not quickly enforced however, over time this referendum changed the lives of aboriginals and their participation to the nation. This referendum changed the lives of aboriginal Australians as they are able to participate in mainstream events, and were able to sustain their way of life, and gained freedom. The rights and freedoms of the indigenous people continued to change as the policy of assimilation was changed into integration. Aboriginal people fought for the individual rights to participate and engage in activities in the mainstream society. Integration allowed aboriginal individuals, for the first time to, keep their way of life, culture, and customs. They were able to make personal decisions on how their life was meant to be. At the year 1965, the commonwealth conference on the aboriginal policy, changed the policy of assimilation to integration. Self-Determination is the fundamental right for a nation or a specific group of people to regulate all aspects of their lives such as, culture. This policy involved the indigenous people, to have complete right to navigate their basic needs and collective wants. This includes secure and private ownership of land, local community control of land, local community control of services, and community affairs. For Aboriginal communities, the ownership of a segment of land is vital approach for the achievement of self-determination. Self-determination is linked to many issues, such as the return of human remains and sacred material by museums, the recognition of customary law, access to culture and appropriate education, and culturally of appropriate housing communities. The establishment of Aboriginal owned organisations is an important step towards self-determination. In conclusion, it is evident that the Australian government practiced policies which restricted and controlled the rights and freedoms of the Aboriginal people. From the 1900’s, Policies such as, the policy of protection’, and, assimilation, had negative impact to the aboriginal way of life, and culture. However over the 1960’s policies such as, Integration, self-determination, and the constitutional referendum have brought aboriginals freedom, and rights. They are able to participate in mainstream events, regardless of their race, and were able to practice their way of live, and were able to preserve their cultural heritage. [emailprotected] com By: Gokul (10W)

Visual Arts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Visual Arts - Research Paper Example Online dating sites include Match.com and E-Harmony while the most popular video sharing site is YouTube. Rather than focus on how to use these forms of social media, I will base my paper on how they are transforming how we watch television. I will also highlight on the impact they will have on network news, commercial television and cable TV in the coming, say ten years. The rise in the popularity of social media can be viewed as a revolution. Why would anyone come to this conclusion? Just to look at a few statistics about social media: According to a research by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 73% of teenagers, 72% of young adults, and 40% of all adults above 30 years use social networking sites. As if that is not enough, if the number of Facebook users were the population of a country, it would be the third most populated country, just under China and India. Moreover, social media has overtaken pornography as the number one activity on the web. Before I jump into the e xact questions I want to address, I find it is rather essential to show the relevance of social media on TV. First, we all agree that it is changing the way we watch TV. For instance, in the Spring of 2007, the number of people who tuned in TV dropped by 2.5 million. (Nielsen report)This was in comparison to the previous year, 2006. In 2010, it was found that consumers in the U.S spent as much time on the internet as on TV. (Forrester). Since people are spending more time on the internet, people's interactions on the internet are also increasing. Companies have noted this and are shifting to the internet. No one can forget last summer’s Old Spice videos. In the videos, Isaiah Mustafa spent two days, dressed only in a towel and gives responses to fans in a setting that was made to appear as a bathroom. Within the first 24 hours after they were uploaded, they had a massive 83 million YouTube views. This was way above the views of Obama’s victory speech. This can be attri buted to the fact that there were instant responses to the users in real time. As such, they appeared to be conversational. This is one way in which social media is changing the way we view TV. Besides this, the following are the trends that we are likely to see in TV due to popularity of social media. First, all TV channels will be done away with. TV users will have a chance to watch what they want, and when they want. There will be several customs made content on the internet which one can demand when they want. This will be enhanced by the availability of unlimited content, which will be available form online libraries. One will only be required to search for the content using powerful search engines to access the content. Traditional channels, which focus on their brands and limited sharing, will be entirely done away with. Already there are technological advances in TV devices connected to the internet such as Apple TV, Roku and Xbox. These devices will be adopted by many peopl e who will also demand that the entire TV experience is integrated as a simplified, single interface. The next trend in TV viewing will be to do away with the remote control. TV as we know it from the past required installation of interactive TV enhancements. In recent years, this has changed with companies such as Google launching the remote-keyboard interface. This has not achieved much success. Interface innovation companies are working on TV controls that do not require remote controls. Comcast and Verizon,

Media and Culture (Response Paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media and Culture (Response Paper) - Essay Example It was now the "media gatekeepers' (Sreberny-Mohammadi, 1995, p38), broadcasting either by radio originally and then Magazine, they had the power to decide and edit what information lots of thousands and later millions of people would see and be prejudiced by. Again re-iterating the point that whoever is dispensing the information has the power, as well as whomever he/she is dispensing to is get hold of a little bit of that power. "Predisposition toward an international investment environment, and the integration of nationwide capital markets (biz.yahoo.com)".Globalization is growing mixing of financial system and societies around the earth have been one of the most hotly-debated topics in global economics. But globalization has also generated important global opposition over concerns that it has increased disparity and environmental degradation. Another print media is newspaper and the key factor in popular culture via women's newspaper is romance. No doubt, Christian-Smith points out that romance is one of the "systematize principles" of the domestic and public spheres of youthful women and that the "code of romance" plays a vigorous role in constructing womanly ideologies. Although these publications are targeted as the symbol of our society's adolescent females, they actually have a great influence over the ways in which teen's sight and construct convinced social ideologies. No doubt, this essay will shed light on the pressure these publications have in shaping, regulating, and defining youthful women's perceptions of femaleness, sexuality, and romance. Consequently, it will also disclose an irony in the fact that "women's magazines", written for (and more often than not by) women really mold their beliefs as well as actions into those that reinforce female subordination from end to end the customary standards of a patr iarchal society. Modern Journalism According to the research on print media of modern Journalism Review, Brent Cunningham discusses his sight and opinions of impartiality and how journalists deal with it in America. He feels that journalists' attachment to objectivity reveals a breakdown on the part of the press. Objectivity makes us inactive recipients of news, rather than violent analyzers and explainers of it. According to the experts analysis that the only reason American journalists use impartiality is because nothing improved has replaced it. Magazines Third popular form of print media is Magazine. Like it or not, well-liked culture is an irrefutable pressure on how society perceives itself. When examining mass culture, one have to keep in mind the balance flanked by how much we, as a society, affect the way well-liked culture is constructed and to what degree popular culture influences the way we sight ourselves and shapes our philosophy. An aspect of well-liked culture that may serve to greatly demonstrate this theory of society as together the affecter and the affected is the genre of magazines beleaguered at young women. According to the expert analysis, if one considers the cultural pressure of story available to young women, they will find out that much of it is represented from side to side media such as women's magazines.

Are U.S. CEOs overpaid Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Are U.S. CEOs overpaid - Research Paper Example Even if they did not occupy such positions, people with a firm educational background and effective leadership skills should be paid much more than the rest of the population. The public’s outcry is not entirely misguided; nonetheless, there are facts supporting the high earnings entitled to the CEOs and it remains unclear whether capping CEO salaries will contribute to business success. This paper explores whether US CEOs are overpaid. Statistics According to Kaplan, US CEOs are arguably overpaid (6). According to Walsh, some of the potential triggers of the ‘excessive’ salaries of CEOs include; too much influence, negligent boards of directors, weak compensation consultants, and formulation of salary scales through stock options among others (73). According to Kay and Van Putten, in 1970, the average Chief Executive Officer earned about $700,000 (189). The amount was 25 times the earning of an average production employee. Three decades later, CEO salaries had ri sen to almost $2.2 million, 90 times more than the salary of an average worker (Kay, and Van Putten, 190). Kaplan argues that with an increase in the value of stocks and other allowance, the average CEO currently earns between 250-500 times the average employee’s salaries (7). ... Any employee in the technology industry is aware this average salary would hardly hire a well-educated administrative staff in technology-intensive sectors in the United States. According to Thomas and Hill, current CEOs serve shorter terms compared to CEOs of the late twentieth century, hence the sharp rise in the earnings (19). The high rise in CEO salaries may be attributed to the fact that the officers are uncertain about what would happen next. Capitalism seems to have entered the corporate sector to the level that CEO may see it better to earn as much as they can when in such positions (Kay, and Van Putten 191). According to Walsh, today’s CEOs are virtually carrying out the same duties as their predecessors who earned a much less, but this is not the case with line workers (75). Whereas, the salary gap between a top executive and the average employee calls for a review of the rules to narrow it, Kaplan argues that rectifying the discrepancy may not be achieved (6). Owin g to the fact that CEO salaries top the list of salary scales in most organizations, theirs tend to be fodder to the media. Less widely covered is the substantial salary disparity between employees and junior executive remunerations. It differs by sector, but in most firms, the salary discrepancy becomes clear at the immediate CEO subordinates. At this point the analysts move into a lower pay level, but significant disparities in salary still subsist between a senior executive and a CEO (Kay, and Van Putten 122-127). Relating the average worker pay to CEOs For easier understanding of the salary scale of the average employee in the US, it would be appropriate to analyze all aspects of their salary; wage, shift gap,

The electrical resistance of rires Essay Example for Free

The electrical resistance of rires Essay In this investigation I will be looking at the resistance of wires to an electrical current and determining the factors that affect the resistance of a wire. There are five main factors that affect the resistance of a piece of wire. These are as follows: 1) The material that the wire is made of. 2) The length of the wire 3) The thickness (or diameter) of the wire. 4) The temperature of the wire. 5) Voltage of the circuit. However, in my investigation I will only be looking at two different factors that affect the resistance of the wire. These two factors are length of the wire and thickness of the wire. Apparatus For this investigation I will need several pieces of apparatus, these are as follows: 1) A ruler (to measure the length of the piece of wire that is being used). 2) Wires (to connect the circuit together) 3) A multimeter (to measure the resistance of the wire) 4) A role of Constantine wire. Method In this investigation I will do as follows: As I will be investigating one variable at a time, I will need to keep the other variables constant. When measuring the length I will always use the same material: Constantan wire. Also I will make sure that the wire does not get hot by not measuring any less than 10cm. Also, I will always use the same thickness wire, 32SWG (standard gauge). However, when I am looking at the factor of thickness I will make sure that the wire does not get hot, that the wire is Constantan wire and that the wire is always a set length, 50cm long. I need to keep the variables that I am not looking at or measuring the same at all times because of the fact that if I have two variables varying at the same time then I will not know which variable affected my results or how much it affected them. Because of this I will only be looking at one factor at a time to make sure that my results are as accurate and true as possible. In both factors I will always be using the same multimeter throughout. I will look at the factor of length first. In this I will keep the variables that I am not investigating the same so as to make it a fair test. Then, I will set up my circuit (See below this paragraph) Then, I will take readings of the resistance with the wire at a length of 10cm using the multimeter set at 200?. Multimeter Ruler Constantan wire I will then repeat the experiment with a 20cm piece of wire and measure the resistance of that. I will do this with pieces of wire 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm, 50cm, 60cm, 70cm, 80cm, 90cm and 100cm long to get a good range of readings and results. When I will measure the affect that thickness has on the resistance of a piece of wire I will do the experiment with 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and 38SWG thickness of Constantan wire. I will also repeat each test for both variables 3 times and gat an average to make it a fair test. Predictions My hypothesis for the investigation concerning the length is this: As the wire gets longer, the resistance will increase. This will be in direct proportion and will produce a straight-line graph. I think that this will occur: As the electrons move through the wire, they collide into ions. This makes the resistor hotter and is what causes the resistance. The longer the piece of wire, the more ions for the electrons to collide into, therefore the resistance will increase. The graph that I will plot should be a straight-line graph; according to OHMS LAW. The graph should look like this: Ohms law states that for some conductors, the current flowing is proportional to the voltage, provided that the temperature does not change. For example, if you double your length of wire, then the resistance will also double. My prediction for the other factor that I am going to investigate, thickness, is this: As the thickness of the wire increases, the resistance will decrease. This is inverse proportion. I predict that this will also give a straight-line graph but going downwards instead of upwards. The graph should look like this: I think that this will happen because of the fact that the thicker the wire, the greater the number of electrons that will be able to travel through it at one time. Results Testing the thickness. Using a 50 cm long piece of Constantan wire: SWG Equivalent in mm 1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd attempt AverageThe Graphs Testing the Thickness using 50cm Constantan wire Testing the Length using 32SWG Constantan Wire Analyzing the Data Length From my results and my graphs I can see that as the length of the wire increases, the resistance of the wire also increases. As my graphs gave a straight line at all times and points, I can say that the resistance is directly proportional to the length of the wire. Because the resistance is directly proportional to the length, I can say that if the length is 10cm and the resistance is 0. 5Ohms, when the length of the wire is 20cm, the resistance should be 1. 0Ohms. These results support my prediction. An odd occurrence is that the line does not pass through the origin (0,0). I believe this is because of slight errors in the readings whish make the line pass just above the origin. Thickness From my results, I can see that as the millimeters increase the resistance decreases. Therefore we can say that the thickness is inversely proportional to the resistance, as the thickness increases the resistance decreases. This was as I expected. However, in my prediction, I predicted that the graph would be a straight line and in my actual results my graph turned out to be a curve. Because of the fact that the graph is inverse proportion, I can say that if you double the SWG then you will half the resistance. My results support part of my prediction (that the resistance will be inversely proportional to the thickness) but not the part that states that the graph will be a straight-line graph. On this graph I used millimeters instead of SWG because it makes it easier to see the relationship between the resistance an the thickness of the wire. Evaluation In my investigation, I only investigated two of the different factors that affect the resistance of a wire. However, there are more than that, as I stated earlier on in my plan. There are also the factors of Material, Temperature and Voltage to be investigated. I could have extended my investigation further by also looking into and testing these other 3 factors. However, I only investigated 2 factors, the length and thickness. Length I think that overall, my results were fairly accurate but definitely could have been more accurate. For 32SWG, the results were a little inaccurate but nevertheless were accurate enough to produce a good directly proportional straight-line graph. I could have made more accurate results and a more varied set of results by doing the experiment at more than just 32SWG. This would have given more varied results at different thicknesses. I could have made my results more accurate by doing the experiment more than 3 times (perhaps 5 times) and taken the average of each set of results. This would have given me more accurate results. Inaccuracy in the results (like in the first attempt on length at 40cm) may have been due to the fact that the equipment used may not have been working properly or plain human fault. Also, when measuring the length of wire to be tested, it is possible that I may have slightly misread the length on the ruler by a couple of millimeters because of kinks and twists in the wire making it nearly impossible to get a perfectly straight piece of wire. This may have caused slightly inaccurate results. Thickness My results for testing the thickness were, on the whole, quite accurate with the exception of minor mistakes. This could have been due to an inaccurate length of wire, a temperature change or an inaccurate reading. However, the over all results produced a good smooth inversely proportional curve. If I were to conduct this experiment again I would have used more accurate equipment and tested more lengths at more SWGs than I did to give a more varied set of results. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.